Frank Solutions for Chapter 1.1 Turning Effect of Force and Equilibrium Class 10 Physics ICSE
Exercise
1. Define moment of force and state its SI unit.
Answer
The turning effect produced by a force on a rigid body about a point, pivot or fulcrum is called the moment of force or torque. It is measured by the product of force and the perpendicular distance of the pivot from the line of action of force.
Moment of a force = Force × perpendicular distance of the pivot from the force.
Its Si unit is newton- metre (Nm).
2. Its moment of a force scalar or a vector quantity ?
Answer
The moment of force is a vector quantity.
3. Name the physical quantity whose SI unit is Nm.
Answer
Torque
4. What is meant by a translational motion ? Give one example.
Answer
When some force is applied on a rigid body free to move and the body starts moving along a straight path in the direction of force. This is known as linear or translational motion. Points on the rigid body, undergo displacements forming parallel lines and magnitude of displacement is the same for individual point. e.g. the motion of a bullet fired from a gun, a ball thrown straight up and falling back straight down.
5. What is meant by a rotatory motion ? Give one example.
Answer
If a rigid body is pivoted at a point, then the applied force will rotate the body about the fixed point or about the axis passing through the fixed point. This motion is called rotational motion.
e.g. Earth's rotation about its axis, wheels of car in motion.
6. What is the relationship between Nm and dyne cm ?
Answer
1 Nm = 107 dyne cm.
(i) The magnitude of force applied.
(ii) The distance of the line of action of the force from the axis of rotation .
If the turning effect on the body is anticlockwise, moment of force is called the anticlockwise moment and is taken as positive.
(i) linear motion.
(ii) rotational motion, in a body.
(ii) If a rigid body moves around a center or is pivoted at a point, the applied force will cause rotational motion.
11. Why does a spanner have a long handle?
A long handle facilitates increased torque with small application of force; hence a spanner has a long handle.
12. What do you mean by equilibrium of a body?
Answer
A body is said to be in equilibrium under the action of a number of forces, if the forces are not able to produce any change in the state of rest or of uniform motion or uniform rotation.
Equilibrium is a state of zero acceleration.
13. State the condition when a body is in (i) static, (ii) dynamic, equilibrium. Give one example each of static and dynamic equilibrium.
Answer
(i) The conditions for static equilibrium are:
(a) The sum of the (vector) forces must equal zero, i.e. F = 0
(b) The sum of the torques must equal zero; i.e. Ï„ = 0.
(ii) The conditions for dynamic equilibrium are:
(a) The body should have a broad base.
(b) Centre of gravity of the body should be as low as possible.
(c) Vertical line drawn from the centre of gravity should fall within the base of the support.
Examples:
Static equilibrium: a box at rest on a floor; there is a gravitational force pulling the object to the earth, but there is also an equal and opposite force applied by the floor to the box (pushing up).
Dynamic equilibrium: A rock travelling across the cosmos, far enough away from any other object (so as not to be affected by gravity - in other words, in zero gravity conditions); the rock continues to travel in a straight line at uniform velocity either for eternity, or until acted upon by an external unbalanced force.
Answer
- Vector sum of forces acting on the body should be zero.
- Algebraic sum of moments acting on the body should be zero.
15. State the principle of moments.
Answer
Principle of moments: If a body is in equilibrium under the action of number of force, then the sum of clockwise moments is equal to the sum of anticlockwise moments.
- Opening and closing the cap of a bottle
- Turning a key in a lock
(i) Which force has the least moment about O ? Give a reason.
(ii) Which force has the greatest moment about O ? Give a reason.
(ii) Force 'P' has the maximum moment about 'O' because its perpendicular distance is maximum from 'O'.
Effect of couple: It produces angular acceleration.
Its SI unit is Nm.
Distance from the pivot, D = 40 cm = 0.4 m
Torque = F × d = 20×0.4 = 8 Nm
Applied force, F = 10N
Distance from pivot, D = ?
Ï„ = F × d
⇒ d = Ï„/F = 4/10 = 0.4m
length of lever, d = 50 cm = 0.5m
∴ Torque, Ï„ = F × d = 200 × 0.5 = 100 Nm
Now, if the mechanic applies a force, F' = 50 N
let d' be the length of the lever to produce the same torque.
then, Ï„ = F' × d'
⇒ d' = 100/50 = 2 m
- The body should have a broad base.
- Center of gravity of the body should be as low as possible.
- Vertical line drawn from the center of gravity should fall within the base of support.
- Vector sum of forces acting on the body should be zero.
- Algebraic sum of moments acting on the body should be zero.