ICSE Solutions for Chapter 2 Genetics- Some Basic Fundamentals Class 10 Selina Biology
Exercise 1
A. Multiple Choice Type:
(Select the most appropriate option)
Question 1: Which one of the following has the smallest number of chromosomes?
(a) Onion
(b) Mouse
(c) Monkey
(d) Ascaris
Solution 1: (d) Ascaris
Question 2: Which one of the following is the phenotypic monohybrid ratio in F2 generation?
(a) 3:1
(b) 1:2:1
(c) 2:2
(d) 1:3
Solution 2: (a) 3:1
B: Very Short Answer Type
Question 1: Match the terms in column I with their explanations in column II.
Solution 1: (a) genetics - (iii) Study of laws of inheritance of characters
(b) Autosomes - (v) Chromosomes other than the pair of sex chromosomes
(c) Recessive - (iv) A gene that can express when only in a similar pair
(d) Allele - (ii) The alternative forms of a gene
(e) Homologous chromosomes - (i) Chromosomes similar in size and shape
Question 2: Name two animals which have nineteen pairs of chromosomes.
Solution 2: Lion, tiger, domestic cat (Any two)
Question 3: Name any two genetic in humans.
Solution 3: Colour-blindness, Thalassaemia, Sickle cell anaemia and Haemophilia (Any two)
Question 4: Which one of the following genotypes is homozygous dominant and which one homozygous recessive in regards to tongue rolling:
Rr, rr, RR
Solution 4: Homozygous dominant – RR
Homozygous recessive - rr
Question 1: Differentiate between:
(a) genotype and phenotype.
(b) character and trait.
(c) monohybrid and dihybrid cross (phenotypic ratio)
(a) Onion
(b) Mouse
(c) Monkey
(d) Ascaris
Solution 1: (d) Ascaris
Question 2: Which one of the following is the phenotypic monohybrid ratio in F2 generation?
(a) 3:1
(b) 1:2:1
(c) 2:2
(d) 1:3
Solution 2: (a) 3:1
B: Very Short Answer Type
Question 1: Match the terms in column I with their explanations in column II.
Solution 1: (a) genetics - (iii) Study of laws of inheritance of characters
(b) Autosomes - (v) Chromosomes other than the pair of sex chromosomes
(c) Recessive - (iv) A gene that can express when only in a similar pair
(d) Allele - (ii) The alternative forms of a gene
(e) Homologous chromosomes - (i) Chromosomes similar in size and shape
Question 2: Name two animals which have nineteen pairs of chromosomes.
Solution 2: Lion, tiger, domestic cat (Any two)
Question 3: Name any two genetic in humans.
Solution 3: Colour-blindness, Thalassaemia, Sickle cell anaemia and Haemophilia (Any two)
Question 4: Which one of the following genotypes is homozygous dominant and which one homozygous recessive in regards to tongue rolling:
Rr, rr, RR
Solution 4: Homozygous dominant – RR
Homozygous recessive - rr
C. Short Answer Type
Question 1: Differentiate between:
(a) genotype and phenotype.
(b) character and trait.
(c) monohybrid and dihybrid cross (phenotypic ratio)
Solution 1:
Question 2: Among lion, tiger and domestic cat, al the three have the same number of 38 chromosomes, yet they have different appearances. How do you account for such differences?
Solution 2: The characteristics of a species such as physical appearance, body functions and behavior are not only the outcome of chromosome number, but these depend on the genotype of every organism. That means the set of genes present in the organisms may vary and therefore lion, tiger and domestic cat have the same number of 38 chromosomes, their characteristics (like different appearances) are the result of the genes located on the chromosomes.
Question 3: List any three features of garden pea with their dominant and recessive traits.
Solution 3:
Question 4: Explain why generally only the male child suffers from colour blindness and not the female?
Solution 4: Colour-blindness is caused due to recessive genes which occur on the X chromosome.
Males have only one X chromosome. If there is recessive gene present on X chromosome, then the male will suffer from colour-blindness.
Females have two X chromosomes. It is highly impossible that both the X chromosomes carry abnormal gene. Hence, if one gene is abnormal and since it is recessive, its expression will be masked by the normal gene present on the other X chromosome. Females are unlikely to suffer from colour-blindness.
Question 5: In a certain species of animals, black fur (B) is dominant over brown fur (b) Show the possible ratio of genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring of the pure breeding different coloured parents.
Solution 5: Phenotypic Ratio - 3 (Black Fur) :1 (Brown Fur)
Genotypic Ratio - 1(Homozygous Black Fur):2 (Heterozygous Black Fur): 1 (Homozygous Brown Fur)
Question 1: Explain the following terms:
(a) heterozygous
(b) Homozygous
(c) pedigree chart.
Solution 1: (a) Heterozygous: The condition in which a pair of homologous chromosomes carries dissimilar alleles for a particular character.
For example –
(i) A daughter (XX°) from a normal homozygous mother for colour vision (XX) and a colour blind father has one normal and one defective allele (X˚Y).
(ii) Certain tongue rollers are heterozygous with Rr genotype.
|
Phenotype |
Genotype |
|
The observable characteristics which is genetically controlled is called Phenotype. |
The set of genes present in the cells of an organism is called genotype. |
|
Character |
Trait |
|
Any heritable feature is called a character. |
The alternative form a character is called trait. |
|
Monohybrid cross |
Dihybrid cross |
|
It is a cross between two pure breeding parent organisms with different varieties taking into consideration the alternative trait only one character. |
It is a cross between two pure breeding parent organisms with different varieties taking into consideration the alternative trait of two characters. |
Question 2: Among lion, tiger and domestic cat, al the three have the same number of 38 chromosomes, yet they have different appearances. How do you account for such differences?
Solution 2: The characteristics of a species such as physical appearance, body functions and behavior are not only the outcome of chromosome number, but these depend on the genotype of every organism. That means the set of genes present in the organisms may vary and therefore lion, tiger and domestic cat have the same number of 38 chromosomes, their characteristics (like different appearances) are the result of the genes located on the chromosomes.
Question 3: List any three features of garden pea with their dominant and recessive traits.
Solution 3:
|
Character |
Dominant trait |
Recessive trait |
|
Flower colour |
Purple |
White |
|
Seed |
Yellow |
Green |
|
Seed Shape |
Round |
Wrinkled |
|
Pod Shape |
Inflated |
Constricted |
|
Flower Shape |
Axial |
Terminal |
Question 4: Explain why generally only the male child suffers from colour blindness and not the female?
Solution 4: Colour-blindness is caused due to recessive genes which occur on the X chromosome.
Males have only one X chromosome. If there is recessive gene present on X chromosome, then the male will suffer from colour-blindness.
Females have two X chromosomes. It is highly impossible that both the X chromosomes carry abnormal gene. Hence, if one gene is abnormal and since it is recessive, its expression will be masked by the normal gene present on the other X chromosome. Females are unlikely to suffer from colour-blindness.
Question 5: In a certain species of animals, black fur (B) is dominant over brown fur (b) Show the possible ratio of genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring of the pure breeding different coloured parents.
Solution 5: Phenotypic Ratio - 3 (Black Fur) :1 (Brown Fur)
Genotypic Ratio - 1(Homozygous Black Fur):2 (Heterozygous Black Fur): 1 (Homozygous Brown Fur)
D: Long Answer Type
Question 1: Explain the following terms:
(a) heterozygous
(b) Homozygous
(c) pedigree chart.
Solution 1: (a) Heterozygous: The condition in which a pair of homologous chromosomes carries dissimilar alleles for a particular character.
For example –
(i) A daughter (XX°) from a normal homozygous mother for colour vision (XX) and a colour blind father has one normal and one defective allele (X˚Y).
(ii) Certain tongue rollers are heterozygous with Rr genotype.
(b) Homozygous: The condition in which a pair of homologous chromosomes carries similar alleles for a particular character.
For example –
(i) A colorblind daughter (XoXo will have both the X chromosomes with defective alleles.
(ii) A non-roller will have rr (homozygous) genotype.
For example –
(i) A colorblind daughter (XoXo will have both the X chromosomes with defective alleles.
(ii) A non-roller will have rr (homozygous) genotype.
(c) Pedigree Chart: A pedigree chart is a diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance or phenotypes of a particular gene or organism and its ancestors from one generation to the next. In the pedigree chart, males are shown by squares and females by circles.
Question 2: State the three mendel's laws of inheritance.
Solution 2: Mendel's laws of inheritance are:
(i) Law of Dominance: Out of a pair of contrasting characters present together, only one is able to express itself while the other remains suppressed. The one that expresses is the dominant character and the one that is unexpressed is the recessive one.
(ii) Law of Segregation: The two members of a pair of factors separate during the formation of gametes. The gametes combine together by random fusion at the time of zygote formation. This law is also known as 'law of purity of gametes'.
(iii) Law of Independent Assortment: When there are two pairs of contrasting characters, the distribution of the members of one pair into the gametes is independent of the distribution of the other pair.
Question 3: Does the sex of the child depend on the father or it is just a matter of chance? Discuss
Solution 3: The sex of the child depends on the father. The egg contains only one X chromosome, but half of the sperms contain X-chromosome whereas the other half contains Y-chromosome. It is simply a matter of chance as to which category of sperm fuses with the ovum and this determines whether the child will be male or female.
If the egg fuses with X-bearing sperm, the resulting combination is XX and the resulting child is female.
If the egg fuses with Y-bearing sperm, the resulting combination is XY and the resulting child is male.
Question 1: In a certain species of animals, black fur (B) is dominant over brown fur (b) Predict the genotype and phenotype of the offspring when both parents are ‘Bb' or have heterozygous black fur.
Solution 1:
Genotype - 1(Homozygous Black Fur) :2 (Heterozygous Black Fur):1 (Homozygous Brown Fur)
Phenotype - 3 (Black Fur) : 1(Brown Fur)
Question 2: Two pairs (A & B) of rabbits were crossed as given below:
(a) Can you tell which coat colour (black or white) is dominant?
(b) Is the coat colour sex-linked? .......
Solution 2: (a) Black
Question 2: State the three mendel's laws of inheritance.
Solution 2: Mendel's laws of inheritance are:
(i) Law of Dominance: Out of a pair of contrasting characters present together, only one is able to express itself while the other remains suppressed. The one that expresses is the dominant character and the one that is unexpressed is the recessive one.
(ii) Law of Segregation: The two members of a pair of factors separate during the formation of gametes. The gametes combine together by random fusion at the time of zygote formation. This law is also known as 'law of purity of gametes'.
(iii) Law of Independent Assortment: When there are two pairs of contrasting characters, the distribution of the members of one pair into the gametes is independent of the distribution of the other pair.
Question 3: Does the sex of the child depend on the father or it is just a matter of chance? Discuss
Solution 3: The sex of the child depends on the father. The egg contains only one X chromosome, but half of the sperms contain X-chromosome whereas the other half contains Y-chromosome. It is simply a matter of chance as to which category of sperm fuses with the ovum and this determines whether the child will be male or female.
If the egg fuses with X-bearing sperm, the resulting combination is XX and the resulting child is female.
If the egg fuses with Y-bearing sperm, the resulting combination is XY and the resulting child is male.
E. Structured Application and Skill Type
Question 1: In a certain species of animals, black fur (B) is dominant over brown fur (b) Predict the genotype and phenotype of the offspring when both parents are ‘Bb' or have heterozygous black fur.
Solution 1:
Genotype - 1(Homozygous Black Fur) :2 (Heterozygous Black Fur):1 (Homozygous Brown Fur)
Phenotype - 3 (Black Fur) : 1(Brown Fur)
Question 2: Two pairs (A & B) of rabbits were crossed as given below:
(b) Is the coat colour sex-linked? .......
Solution 2: (a) Black
(b) No
Question 3: Make a Punnett square for finding out the proportion of different genotypes in the progeny of a genetic cross between.
(a) A pure tall (TT) pea plant with a pure dwarf (tt) pea plant.
(b) red flower variety of pea (RR) with white flower variety of pea (rr)
Solution 3:(a)
Genotype - 1(Homozygous tall) :2 (Heterozygous tall):1 (Homozygous dwarf)
Phenotype - 3 (Tall) :1(Dwarf)
Question 3: Make a Punnett square for finding out the proportion of different genotypes in the progeny of a genetic cross between.
(a) A pure tall (TT) pea plant with a pure dwarf (tt) pea plant.
(b) red flower variety of pea (RR) with white flower variety of pea (rr)
Solution 3:(a)
Genotype - 1(Homozygous tall) :2 (Heterozygous tall):1 (Homozygous dwarf)
Phenotype - 3 (Tall) :1(Dwarf)
(b)
Genotype - 1(Homozygous red):2 (Heterozygous red):1 (Homozygous white) Phenotype-3 (Red):1(White)
Question 4: A family consists of two parents and their five children and the pedigree chart below shows the inheritance of the trait colour blindness in them.
(a) Who is colour blind in the parents - the Father or the Mother?
Solution 4: (a) Father
(b) Two sons and three daughters
(c) The child 1 (daughter) is colour blind
(d) X chromosome
(e) Haemophilia
Genotype - 1(Homozygous red):2 (Heterozygous red):1 (Homozygous white) Phenotype-3 (Red):1(White)
Question 4: A family consists of two parents and their five children and the pedigree chart below shows the inheritance of the trait colour blindness in them.
(a) Who is colour blind in the parents - the Father or the Mother?
Solution 4: (a) Father
(b) Two sons and three daughters
(c) The child 1 (daughter) is colour blind
(d) X chromosome
(e) Haemophilia